The Principles of Learning and Behavior

The Principles of Learning and Behavior

Language: English

Pages: 448

ISBN: 1285088565

Format: PDF / Kindle (mobi) / ePub


From habituation, classical conditioning, and instrumental conditioning to stimulus control, aversive control, and their applications to the study of cognition, this learning and behavior textbook provides a comprehensive introduction to the elementary forms of learning that have been the focus of research for much of the 20th century. Applications boxes help you understand how findings from animal research relate to human learning and behavior, while neuroscience boxes offer you insights into the brain activity underlying learning.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. This is an electronic version of the print textbook. Due to electronic rights restrictions, some third party content may be suppressed. Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. The publisher reserves the right to

at least 3 minutes have passed since the previous pellet, and the third reinforcer will be available when at least 2 minutes have passed since the previous pellet. In this procedure, the average set-up time for the reinforcer is 2 minutes. Therefore, the procedure would be called a VI two-minute schedule, or VI 2 min. As in FI schedules, the participant has to perform the instrumental response to obtain the reinforcer. Reinforcers are not given just because a certain amount of time Copyright

rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. Concluding Comments 181 BOX 6.3 (continued) activity (Montaque et al., 2006). As McClure and colleagues (2004) suggested, representing reward in terms of a common pattern

habituation process. However, decreased responding may occur under conditions that also involve increased arousal or sensitization, but the arousal may only slow the rate of response decline. In fact, all habituation and sensitization effects are the sum, or net, result of both habituation and sensitization processes. Whether the net result is an increase or a decrease in behavior depends on which underlying process is stronger in a particular situation. The distinction between effects and

inhibition develops (Yin, Barnet, & Miller, 1994). Another important variable is whether the firstand second-order stimuli are presented simultaneously or sequentially (one after the other). Simultaneous presentations of CS1 and CS2 on nonreinforced trials favor the development of conditioned inhibition to CS2 (Stout, Escobar, & Miller, 2004; see also Wheeler, Sherwood, & Holland, 2008). Although there is no doubt that second-order conditioning is a robust phenomenon (e.g., Rescorla, 1980;

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