Volcano! (Nature's Fury - Britannica Digital Learning)
Anita Ganeri
Language: English
Pages: 18
ISBN: 2:00215401
Format: PDF / Kindle (mobi) / ePub
Age range: 9 - 12 Years.
Table of Contents
What Are Volcanoes? 4
How Do Volcanoes Form? 6
Inside a Volcano 8
Shields and Cinders 10
Explosive Volcanoes 12
Mountains and Islands 14
Volcano Destruction 16
Environmental Effects 18
Mud and Flood 20
Living with Volcanoes 22
Human Disaster 24
Rescue and Aid 26
Volcano Science 28
Glossary 30
Further Information 31
Index 32
Publishing All rights reserved Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Ganeri, Anita 1961- Volcano! / by Anita Ganeri p. cm. -- (Nature’s fury) Includes index 1. Volcanoes--Juvenile literature. 2. Natural disasters--Juvenile literature. I. Title QE521.3.G366 2007 363.34’95--dc22 2006022608 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 Editor: Alex Woolf Design: Mind’s Eye Design Picture Research: Shelley Noronha Picture credits: Corbis: 23 (Roger Ressmeyer), 27 (Reuters) Frank Lane Picture Agency:
floor, where magma leaks out between tectonic plates that are moving apart. These boundaries are also called spreading ridges (centers). The magma solidifies to make new crust on each side of the boundary. Other undersea volcanoes form at hot spots (see box) and at destructive (convergent) boundaries. Oahu, one of the Hawaiian Islands, is the tip of a hot-spot volcano. The volcano is fed by magma that leaks through the crust from below. HOT-SPOT VOLCANOES Some volcanoes grow in the middle
called a vent that stretches down into the earth’s crust. At the bottom of the vent, is a chamber full of magma, which may be 60 miles (100 kilometers) or more underground. During an eruption, magma rises from the magma chamber, through the vent, and out into the air. A composite cone Most volcanoes on land, such as Mount Fuji in Japan and Vesuvius in Italy, are tall cones made up of layers of broken lava and ash. The layers were formed by many eruptions over hundreds, thousands or millions of
inside ash clouds. Monster waves Volcanic eruptions under the sea can cause giant waves called tsunamis. The waves race across the sea at hundreds of miles per hour. In the open sea, tsunamis are only a few yards high. But when they reach coasts, they rear up and water pours inland, devastating coastal areas and causing massive loss of life. Tsunamis are also triggered by underwater earthquakes. Iceland photographed from a satellite. The thick ice cap covers several volcanoes. When eruptions
They always wear helmets on the way to and from school to protect them from rocks hurled out by eruptions. CASE STUDY Farming on Mayon The Mayon volcano in the Philippines has a major eruption about every 10 years, sending out ash columns, pyroclastic flows, and mudflows. There is not much farmland in the area, so farmers grow rice, coconut palms, and vegetables on Mayon’s slopes. But it is a risky way to live. Tragically, 75 farmers were killed during an eruption in 1993. Human Disaster