Principles of Behavior (7th Edition)

Principles of Behavior (7th Edition)

Richard W. Malott, Elizabeth A. Trojan

Language: English

Pages: 533

ISBN: B01LYTBUAP

Format: PDF / Kindle (mobi) / ePub


This book offers a solid introduction to the principles of behavior using a clear, interesting, entertaining style with many case studies, and everyday examples. It maintains a high level of intellectual rigor, addressing fundamental concepts at the beginning of each chapter with more advanced topics left for one of the two enrichment sections within each chapter.

Chapter topics cover the reinforcer, reinforcement, escape, punishment, penalty, extinction and recovery, differential reinforcement and punishment, shaping, unlearned reinforcers and aversive conditions, special establishing operations, learned reinforcers and aversive conditions, discrimination, imitation, avoidance, punishment by prevention, ratio schedules, time-dependent schedules, concurrent contingencies, stimulus-response chains and rate contingencies, respondent conditioning, analogs to reinforcement, a theory of rule-governed behavior, pay for performance, moral and legal control, maintenance, transfer, and research methods.

For psychologists, clinical psychologists, and social workers who do not specialize in behavioral analysis; as well as for supervisors and managers.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

that any generalizations we make are effectively limited to rape and murder cases that go to trial. For example, some defendants who cannot afford to post bail are offered the choice of taking plea bargains and going home on probation or insisting on their innocence and remaining in jail. That dilemma may be a major cause of false convictions for innocent defendants who plead guilty (see, e.g., PBS, 2004, the Erma Faye Stewart case), but we have no data with which to test that hypothesis. And the

affiliation (for reviews see Fazio and Olson, 2003; Nosek, 1995; Perugini, 2005). According to a recent meta-­analysis (Greenwald et al., 2009), although implicit and explicit attitudes are commonly uncorrelated with each other, implicit measures are, on average, comparably correlated with criterion measures and usually more strongly correlated with measures of socially sensitive behavior than explicit measures. In short, where stereotyping and prejudice are concerned, implicit measures generally

sometimes in subtle or even contradictory ways, much as it depends on other dimensions of social cognition (e.g., Hardin and Higgins, 1996). Research demonstrating that implicit prejudice is subject to social influence is broadly consistent with principles of information processing (for a review see Blair, 2002). Implicit racial prejudice is reduced (a) when admired black exemplars are used (e.g., Dasgupta and Greenwald, 2001; cf. De Houwer, 2001), (b) after seeing an image of blacks at a

performance on sex-­linked tasks: What is skill for the male is luck for the female. Journal of Person­ ality and Social Psychology, 29, 80–­85. Diekman, A. B., and Eagly, A. H. (2000). Stereotypes as dynamic constructs: Women and men of the past, present, and future. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 26, 1171–­1188. Dijksterhuis, A., and van Knippenberg, A. (2000). Behav­ ioral indecision: Effects of self-­focus on automatic behavior. Social Cognition, 18, 55–­74. Donohue, J. J., III.

theory of implicit attitudes, stereotypes, self-­ esteem, and self-­concept. Psychological Review, 109, 3–­25. Greenwald, A. G., McGhee, D. E., and Schwartz, J.L.K. (1998). Measuring individual differences in implicit cognition: The implicit association test. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 74, 1464–­1480. Greenwald, A. G., Poehlman, T. A., Uhlmann, E. L., and Banaji, M. R. (2009). Understanding and using the Implicit Association Test: III. Meta-­analysis of predictive

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