Multimedia Environmental Models: The Fugacity Approach, Second Edition

Multimedia Environmental Models: The Fugacity Approach, Second Edition

Donald Mackay

Language: English

Pages: 272

ISBN: 1566705428

Format: PDF / Kindle (mobi) / ePub


Completely revised and updated, Multimedia Environmental Models: The Fugacity Approach, Second Edition continues to provide simple techniques for calculating how chemicals behave in the environment, where they accumulate, how long they persist, and how this leads to human exposure. The book develops, describes, and illustrates the framework and procedures for calculating the behavior of chemicals in our multimedia environment of air, water, soil, and sediments, as well as the diversity of biota that reside in these media.
While other books focus on specific compartments, such as the atmosphere, or specific substances, such as PCBs, this book presents the big picture of how organic chemicals behave in the total environment. It does this by providing examples of calculation methods based on the fugacity approach and explaining how to access up-to-date property databases and estimation methods as well as computer programs, which are available from the Internet. In addition, the models are Web based, instead of on a floppy disk as in the previous edition.
Building on the work developed in the First Edition, the Second Edition includes:

  • A how-to modeling section, more worked examples and problems- most with solutions and answers
  • Expanded treatment of structure-activity relationships and modern estimation methods
  • More material illustrating applications to bioaccumulation is specific organisms and food webs
  • Emphasis on current efforts to identify PBT chemicals and exposure analysis as a component of risk assessment
  • Examples that provide each step of modeling calculations
  • Web-based models, and references to property databases, estimation methods, and computer programs from the Internet
    When you need to make assessments of chemical behavior you need current, comprehensive. Multimedia Environmental Models: The Fugacity Approach provides you with not only an understanding of how the multitude of organic chemicals behave in the total environment, but also with practical examples of how this behavior can be predicted using the fugacity approach.

    •  

     

     

     

     

     

     

     

     

     

     

     

     

     

     

     

     

    Multimedia Environmental Models The Fugacity Approach Second Edition Donald Mackay LEWIS PUBLISHERS Boca Raton London New York Washington, D.C. Preface This book is about the behavior of organic chemicals in our multimedia environment or biosphere of air, water, soil, and sediments, and the diversity of biota that reside in these media. It is a response to the concern that we have unwisely contaminated our environment with a large number of chemicals in the mistaken belief that the

    pressure, aqueous solubility, and log KOW. Calculate KAW as vapor pressure (Pa) --------------------------------------------3 solubility (g/m ) ( molar mass (g/mol ) ------------------------------------------------RT where R is 8.314 Pa m3/mol K, and T is absolute temperature (298 K). Calculate how 100 kg of each of these chemicals would partition at equilibrium between three phases namely, 1 m3 octanol (representing perhaps 100 m3 of soil) 5000 m3 water 106 m3 air Calculate all the

    is the area of the aerosol per unit volume of air, C is a constant, and PSL is the liquid vapor pressure. This is a Langmuir type of equation, which implies that sorption is to a surface, and the maximum extent of sorption is controlled by the available area. Experimental data were better correlated by calculating KP. It can be shown that f = KP TSP/(1 + KP TSP) from which KP = f/[TSP(1 – f)] The units of TSP are usually mg/m3, thus it is convenient to express KP in units of m3/mg. KP is usually

    biodegradation half-lives or classes can be estimated. One of the most popular and accessible biodegradation estimation methods is the BIODEG program, which is available from the Syracuse Research Corp. website (www.syrres.com). It is well established that certain groupings of atoms impart reactivity or recalcitrance to a molecule, thus a molecular structure can be examined to identify how fast it is likely to degrade. Computer programs such as BIODEG can do this automatically and assign a

    Worked Example 7.2 Water is evaporating from a pan of area 1 m2 containing 1 cm depth of water. The rate of evaporation is controlled by diffusion through a thin air film 2 mm thick immediately above the water surface. The concentration of water in the air immediately at the surface is 25 g/m3 (this having been deduced from the water vapor pressure), and in the room the bulk air contains 10 g/m3. If the diffusivity is 0.25 cm2/s, how long will the water take to evaporate completely? B is 0.25

    Download sample

    Download