Idiot's Guides: Philosophy, Fourth Edition
Jay Stevenson
Language: English
Pages: 352
ISBN: 161564444X
Format: PDF / Kindle (mobi) / ePub
A newly visual approach, this updated edition will include infographics, photos, and pull quotes to help reinforce learning of the subject of philosophy. Beginning with the pre-Socratics and Eastern philosophers, all of the major schools of thought are covered. Content includes religious philosophy, Renaissance humanism, enlightenment philosophers, idealism, existentialism, post-structuralism and post-modernism, and more.
othering The process of identifying people as different from the norm in order to reassure yourself that you are normal. pantheism The belief that God is all things. This means that people and nature are aspects of God and have divine power in and of themselves. paradigm shift A drastic change in the way the human race lives and thinks as a result of an important new discovery or development. paradox A statement that includes two ideas that seem to contradict one another. parole The
in life. The herd prevents people from creating new ways of thinking and acting. By resisting herd mentality, Nietzsche hoped that he was helping to pave the way for the superman—helping to bring about new possibilities for living. At the same time, he recognized that resisting the herd means taking risks, like rejecting the old ideas of good and evil. One thing that Nietzsche has been widely criticized for is his attitude toward morality. Nietzsche felt that rigid ideas about good and evil are
interpretation, only ideas about what reality is like. Nietzsche is almost never interpreted the same way twice. It can be hard to tell what he really believes as opposed to what he just wanted to think. Nietzsche is often assertive, making definitive claims about his way of seeing things. But ironically, he frequently asserted that one can’t know anything! The Least You Need to Know Determinism says that events, including human actions, are necessarily caused by external forces.
prevailing but (to them) mistaken view that capitalism is okay. In addition, they left behind a critical legacy that has been carried on ever since by new generations of thinkers who think against the grain of capitalist society. Many of these thinkers are alive and well and working in the humanities and social science departments in colleges and universities throughout the world. These days, in fact, critical theorists tend to be more interested in getting published and tenured than in
“open road” is a metonym for the idea of traveling. Jakobson conceived the metaphorical, paradigmatic axis as moving vertically, since metaphor can be said to involve layers of meaning. The metonymic, syntagmatic axis moves horizontally, since metonym involves extensions of meaning. Aphasia Jakobson applied his concept of the two axes of language in a striking way, by relating them to aphasias, or speech disorders. He said that aphasias could be categorized into two kinds: similarity disorders