Guide to Programming and Algorithms Using R

Guide to Programming and Algorithms Using R

Language: English

Pages: 182

ISBN: 1447153278

Format: PDF / Kindle (mobi) / ePub


This easy-to-follow textbook provides a student-friendly introduction to programming and algorithms. Emphasis is placed on the threshold concepts that present barriers to learning, including the questions that students are often too embarrassed to ask. The book promotes an active learning style in which a deeper understanding is gained from evaluating, questioning, and discussing the material, and practised in hands-on exercises. Although R is used as the language of choice for all programs, strict assumptions are avoided in the explanations in order for these to remain applicable to other programming languages. Features: provides exercises at the end of each chapter; includes three mini projects in the final chapter; presents a list of titles for further reading at the end of the book; discusses the key aspects of loops, recursions, program and algorithm efficiency and accuracy, sorting, linear systems of equations, and file processing; requires no prior background knowledge in this area.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

allowed on the computer, and hence, some of the “insignificant” digits have to be omitted. The resulting rounding errors are small, but they are amplified as the result of the subtraction is divided by x 2, which is also small when x is close to 0. Note that this term (x 2) also contains rounding errors itself. Consequently, rounding errors significantly contaminate the numerical value of the function when x is small. Rounding errors often affect the evaluation of functions at critical points.

increasing order. When investigating their computational complexity, sorting algorithms are usually tested under various circumstances. Specifically, as opposed to what we do in the previous chapters, we consider a best case, a worst case, and an average case separately for each sorting program/algorithm when estimating its time complexity. For example, in the best case for bubble sort and insertion sort algorithms, we assume that the input vector is already sorted, hence sorting is not actually

order to cook an omelette. These can be considered as the inputs of the program. These items and their properties tend to change in every execution. For example, the size of eggs will be different from omelette to omelette, but the program above (including constants) remains the same. Note that this is actually the idea behind programming: Programs are written while considering that they will be required and used for different inputs. Types and numbers of inputs are included in the process of

derived from or be the same as her/his student number) involving nine digits, e.g., 200912345. 9.1 Programming Traffic The aim of this project is to practice writing, testing, and modifying simple algorithms and their implementations. We consider one-dimensional traffic problems, whose solutions require iterations and analysis of convergence. We also measure the complexity of programs and algorithms and compare timing results with our estimations. 9.1.1 Preliminary Work A one-dimensional

control special cases. Hence, in addition to correct versions, we focus on possible mistakes when writing and implementing loops. Nested loops are also considered for practical purposes, such as matrix-vector multiplications. Finally, we study the iteration concept, which is based on using loops for achieving a convergence. A loop is a sequence of instructions, which are required to be executed more than once on purpose. They are initiated by loop statements (for or while) and terminated by

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