Environmental Organic Chemistry
Language: English
Pages: 1000
ISBN: 0471357502
Format: PDF / Kindle (mobi) / ePub
Environmental Organic Chemistry focuses on environmental factors that govern the processes that determine the fate of organic chemicals in natural and engineered systems. The information discovered is then applied to quantitatively assessing the environmental behaviour of organic chemicals. Now in its 2nd edition this book takes a more holistic view on physical-chemical properties of organic compounds. It includes new topics that address aspects of gas/solid partitioning, bioaccumulation, and transformations in the atmosphere.
- Structures chapters into basic and sophisticated sections
- Contains illustrative examples, problems and case studies
- Examines the fundamental aspects of organic, physical and inorganic chemistry - applied to environmentally relevant problems
- Addresses problems and case studies in one volume
krypton (Kr), xenon (Xe), and radon (Rn)]are especially nonreactive; these atoms are said to contain “filled shells” (Table 2.1). Much of the chemistry of the elements present in organic molecules is understandable in terms of a simple model describing the tendencies of the atoms to attain such filled-shell conditions by gaining, losing, or, most importantly, sharing electrons. 9 15 16 35 36 53 54 0 F Ne P S c1 Ar Br Kr I Xe Oxygen Fluorine Phosphorus Sulfur Chlorine Argon
where we choose reference states to express the magnitude of entities, for example, the altitude of a mountain relative to sea level. When we consider a change in the “energy status” of a compound of interest [e.g., the transfer of organic molecules from the pure liquid phase to the overlying gas phase (vaporization), as discussed in Section 3.21, we try to do our energy-change bookkeeping in such a way that we concern ourselves with only those energetic properties of the molecules that undergo
that developing some skills in structure-property considerations is essential for a critical evaluation of experimental data, and, particularly, for a proper use of predictive tools (e.g., LFERs) used to estimate such properties when experimental data are not available. Assessing Equilibrium Partitioning in Mulitpase Systems 93 Using Partition ConstantsKoefficients to Assess the Equilibrium Distribution of Neutral Organic Compounds in Multiphase Systems Our final task in this chapter is to
kg .m-3. For estimating the amount of Na,S04 required, assume a similar relative K; value (relative to NaC1) as determined for benzene (i.e., 0.53 M-’ for Na,S04 versus 0.19 M-’ for NaC1, see Table 5.6): K; (hexane, Na,S04) = (0.28) (0.53) / (0.19) = 0.78 M-’ Thus in the case of Na,S04, the required [salt],,, is 1 / 0.78 M-’ = 1.28 M or 181.8 kg.m-3, which is about the same amount as the NaCl needed although, on a molar base, Na,S04 is much more potent as a salting-out agent. Advanced Topic
phases by applying simple one-parameter LFERs (see examples given in Table 3.5). Hence, to put us in the position to critically analyze such LFERs, it is necessary that we learn more about the properties of this “famous” solvent. We begin, however, our discussion of air / liquid phase partitioning by reiterating some general thermodynamic considerations that we will need throughout this chapter. 183 Thermodynamic Considerations Thermodynamic Considerations Raoult’s Law Assuming ideal gas